SELECT(2)                     System Calls Manual                    SELECT(2)

NAME
     FD_CLR, FD_COPY, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO, select – synchronous I/O
     multiplexing

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/select.h>

     void
     FD_CLR(fd, fd_set *fdset);

     void
     FD_COPY(fd_set *fdset_orig, fd_set *fdset_copy);

     int
     FD_ISSET(fd, fd_set *fdset);

     void
     FD_SET(fd, fd_set *fdset);

     void
     FD_ZERO(fd_set *fdset);

     int
     select(int nfds, fd_set *restrict readfds, fd_set *restrict writefds,
         fd_set *restrict errorfds, struct timeval *restrict timeout);

DESCRIPTION
     select() examines the I/O descriptor sets whose addresses are passed in
     readfds, writefds, and errorfds to see if some of their descriptors are
     ready for reading, are ready for writing, or have an exceptional
     condition pending, respectively.  The first nfds descriptors are checked
     in each set; i.e., the descriptors from 0 through nfds-1 in the
     descriptor sets are examined.  (Example: If you have set two file
     descriptors "4" and "17", nfds should  not be "2", but rather "17 + 1" or
     "18".)  On return, select() replaces the given descriptor sets with
     subsets consisting of those descriptors that are ready for the requested
     operation.  select() returns the total number of ready descriptors in all
     the sets.

     The descriptor sets are stored as bit fields in arrays of integers.  The
     following macros are provided for manipulating such descriptor sets:
     FD_ZERO(&fdset) initializes a descriptor set fdset to the null set.
     FD_SET(fd, &fdset) includes a particular descriptor fd in fdset.
     FD_CLR(fd, &fdset) removes fd from fdset.  FD_ISSET(fd, &fdset) is non-
     zero if fd is a member of fdset, zero otherwise.  FD_COPY(&fdset_orig,
     &fdset_copy) replaces an already allocated &fdset_copy file descriptor
     set with a copy of &fdset_orig.  The behavior of these macros is
     undefined if a descriptor value is less than zero or greater than or
     equal to FD_SETSIZE, which is normally at least equal to the maximum
     number of descriptors supported by the system.

     If timeout is not a null pointer, it specifies a maximum interval to wait
     for the selection to complete.

     If timeout is a null pointer, the select blocks indefinitely.

     To effect a poll, the timeout argument should be not be a null pointer,
     but it should point to a zero-valued timeval structure.

     timeout is not changed by select(), and may be reused on subsequent
     calls, however it is good style to re-initialize it before each
     invocation of select().

     Any of readfds, writefds, and errorfds may be given as null pointers if
     no descriptors are of interest.

RETURN VALUES
     select() returns the number of ready descriptors that are contained in
     the descriptor sets, or -1 if an error occurred.  If the time limit
     expires, select() returns 0.  If select() returns with an error,
     including one due to an interrupted call, the descriptor sets will be
     unmodified and the global variable errno will be set to indicate the
     error.

ERRORS
     An error return from select() indicates:

     [EAGAIN]           The kernel was (perhaps temporarily) unable to
                        allocate the requested number of file descriptors.

     [EBADF]            One of the descriptor sets specified an invalid
                        descriptor.

     [EINTR]            A signal was delivered before the time limit expired
                        and before any of the selected events occurred.

     [EINVAL]           The specified time limit is invalid.  One of its
                        components is negative or too large.

     [EINVAL]           ndfs is greater than FD_SETSIZE and
                        _DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT is not defined.

LEGACY SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/select.h>
           - or -
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/time.h>
     #include <unistd.h>

     FD_SET(fd, &fdset);

     FD_CLR(fd, &fdset);

     FD_ISSET(fd, &fdset);

     FD_COPY(&fdset_orig, &fdset_copy);

     FD_ZERO(&fdset);

COMPATIBILITY
     select() now returns with errno set to EINVAL when nfds is greater than
     FD_SETSIZE.  Use a smaller value for nfds or compile with
     -D_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT.

SEE ALSO
     accept(2), connect(2), connectx(2), getdtablesize(2), gettimeofday(2),
     read(2), recv(2), send(2), write(2), compat(5)

BUGS
     Although the provision of getdtablesize(2) was intended to allow user
     programs to be written independent of the kernel limit on the number of
     open files, the dimension of a sufficiently large bit field for select
     remains a problem.  The default size FD_SETSIZE (currently 1024) is
     somewhat smaller than the current kernel limit to the number of open
     files.  However, in order to accommodate programs which might potentially
     use a larger number of open files with select, it is possible to increase
     this size within a program by providing a larger definition of FD_SETSIZE
     before the inclusion of ⟨sys/types.h⟩.

     select() should probably have been designed to return the time remaining
     from the original timeout, if any, by modifying the time value in place.
     However, it is unlikely this semantic will ever be implemented, as the
     change would cause source code compatibility problems.  In general it is
     unwise to assume that the timeout value will be unmodified by the
     select() call, and the caller should reinitialize it on each invocation.

HISTORY
     The select() function call appeared in 4.2BSD.

BSD 4.2                         March 18, 2015                         BSD 4.2